What is a Nail Infection?
A nail infection, also known as onychomycosis or paronychia (depending on the type), occurs when harmful microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, or yeasts invade the nail or surrounding tissue. Nail infections can affect both fingernails and toenails, leading to discomfort, discoloration, and deformity.

Types of Nail Infections

1. Fungal Nail Infection (Onychomycosis):
   • Caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or non-dermatophyte molds.
   • Common in toenails due to warm, moist conditions in shoes.
2. Paronychia:
   • A bacterial or fungal infection affecting the nail fold (skin around the nail).
   • Can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-lasting).

Causes of Nail Infections

1. Fungal Causes:
   • Dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton rubrum).
   • Yeasts (e.g., Candida albicans).
2. Bacterial Causes:
   • Commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus species.
3. Contributing Factors:
   • Poor foot or hand hygiene.
   • Wearing tight shoes or gloves for prolonged periods.
   • Nail trauma or injury.
   • Walking barefoot in damp communal areas (pools, locker rooms).
   • Weak immune system or underlying health conditions like diabetes.

Symptoms of Nail Infections

1. Fungal Infections:
   • Thickened, brittle nails.
   • Yellow, brown, or white discoloration.
   • Crumbling edges or distorted nail shape.
   • Separation of the nail from the nail bed (onycholysis).
   • Foul odor in severe cases.
2. Paronychia:
   • Redness and swelling around the nail.
   • Pain or tenderness.
   • Pus-filled blisters in bacterial infections.
   • Thickened skin in chronic cases.

Prevention of Nail Infections

1. Hygiene Practices:
   • Keep nails trimmed, clean, and dry.
   • Avoid sharing nail tools like clippers or files.
   • Wash feet and hands regularly, especially after sweating.
2. Footwear Choices:
   • Wear breathable shoes and moisture-wicking socks.
   • Use antifungal powders or sprays in shoes.
3. Nail Care:
   • Avoid biting nails or picking at cuticles.
   • Protect nails from trauma or excessive moisture.
   • Disinfect manicure and pedicure tools before use.
4. Public Area Precautions:
   • Wear flip-flops or sandals in public showers, locker rooms, or pools.

Treatment of Nail Infections

1. Fungal Infections:
   • Topical Antifungals:
     • Over-the-counter creams or medicated nail lacquers (e.g., ciclopirox, efinaconazole).
     • Best for mild to moderate infections.
   • Oral Antifungals:
     • Prescription medications like terbinafine or itraconazole.
     • Used for severe or persistent infections.
   • Laser Therapy:
     • Helps destroy fungi in the nail without damaging surrounding tissues.
2. Paronychia:
   • Bacterial Infections:
     • Soak in warm water 3–4 times daily.
     • Topical or oral antibiotics for severe cases.
   • Fungal Infections:
     • Antifungal creams or oral medications.
     • Chronic cases may require prolonged treatment.
3. Surgical Options:
   • Nail removal may be necessary for severe or resistant infections.
   • Performed by a healthcare professional under sterile conditions.

Complications of Untreated Nail Infections

• Spread of infection to surrounding skin (cellulitis).
• Permanent nail deformities.
• Pain and discomfort affecting daily activities.
• Secondary infections in people with weakened immune systems.

When to See a Doctor

• If symptoms persist despite home remedies or over-the-counter treatments.
• When swelling, redness, or pus suggests a severe infection.
• For recurrent infections or underlying health conditions like diabetes.

Nail infections are common but can be managed effectively with proper care, hygiene, and timely treatment. If left untreated, they can lead to complications, so early intervention is key.